Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
The Umayyad Caliphate in Iran
The Umayyad Caliphate, established by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, was the first major hereditary dynasty in Islamic history. During this period, Iran, which had already been partially integrated into the Islamic world during the Rashidun Caliphate, became a crucial part of the expanding empire. However, the Umayyads faced persistent challenges in Iran due to local uprisings and cultural differences.
Governance of Iran under the Umayyads
The Umayyads divided Iran into administrative provinces, each governed by a Wali (governor). Important provinces included Khorasan, Fars, Tabaristan, Sistan, and Persis (Pars).
The governors were often Arab appointees, loyal to the Umayyad caliphs in Damascus. Their primary duties included tax collection, maintaining security, and suppressing revolts.
3. Cultural and Social Tensions
The Umayyads favored Arab elites over non-Arab populations, creating a hierarchical social structure that marginalized Persians. This fueled resentment and laid the groundwork for future revolts.
4. Uprisings and Resistance
Several revolts erupted in Iran during the Umayyad period:
- Revolt of Ibn al-Ash’ath (700-703 CE): A significant rebellion led by an Arab commander who allied with discontented Persian forces against the Umayyad governor Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. Although initially successful, the rebellion was eventually crushed.
- Khorasan Revolts: The region of Khorasan became a hotbed of anti-Umayyad sentiment due to heavy taxation and mistreatment of the Persian population.
5. Introduction of Islamic Administration
Despite their harsh rule, the Umayyads introduced key administrative and judicial reforms that integrated Iran more deeply into the Islamic world.
Key Events and Policies in Iran under the Umayyads
1. Arab Migration and Settlements
The Umayyads encouraged the settlement of Arab tribes in Iranian cities, particularly in Kufa, Basra, and Merv. This policy often led to tensions between Arab settlers and the native Persian population.
2. Heavy Taxation
The Umayyads imposed heavy taxes on the local Persian population, particularly jizya (a tax on non-Muslims) and kharaj (land tax). Even Persian converts to Islam (known as Mawali) were often unfairly taxed, leading to widespread discontent.
The Role of Khorasan in the Fall of the Umayyads
Khorasan played a crucial role in the downfall of the Umayyad Caliphate. The dissatisfaction of Persian nobles and commoners alike led to support for the Abbasid Revolution. The revolutionary movement, led by Abu Muslim Khorasani, garnered massive support in Iran, particularly in Khorasan.
In 750 CE, the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads at the Battle of the Zab, marking the end of Umayyad rule and the beginning of the Abbasid Caliphate.
Legacy of the Umayyad Caliphate in Iran
- Spread of Islam: Despite their unpopular rule, the Umayyads played a key role in solidifying Islam across Iran.
- Cultural Influence: Persian culture began to influence the Islamic world, although full integration came during the Abbasid period.
- Foundation for the Abbasid Revolution: The injustices of Umayyad rule mobilized Persian support for the Abbasids.